This chapter addresses the tough question of what makes lying wrong. Using Bernard Williams’s idea that deception is wrong because it involves a breach of trust, or it is a manipulation of the dupe by the deceiver, it offers an analysis rich with thought experiments to argue that not all manipulation in deception involves a breach of trust, and that deception that involves a breach of trust may involve a wrong that is distinguishable from that which occurs in other deception. It argues that deception is often a form of legitimate self-defense, and in those instances should be governed by those norms.
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